CHAMPAIGN, Ill. — A social and emotional skills intervention developed to help children recover from the trauma of natural disasters is being pilot-tested with at-risk youth living in poverty in the U.S. and could be adapted to help young refugees heal their psychological wounds.
Journey of Hope, a school-based psychosocial intervention, was co-developed by University of Illinois social work professor Tara M. Powell and some colleagues while they were working for the nonprofit organization Save the Children helping young victims of Hurricane Katrina.
Save the Children, which owns JOH, is using the program with young people in Ukraine and soon may deliver it to Syrian refugees in other countries as well, Powell said.
Powell currently is pilot testing JOH with youths in rural Tennessee who live in poverty and are at risk of substance abuse, criminal justice involvement and other adverse outcomes.
“Oftentimes there’s programming available for children who have diagnosed mental health issues, but there’s not much available for children who are at risk. Or the services are not accessible because of cost, distance or other factors,” Powell said.
Although JOH was developed for disaster victims, the curriculum is broadly applicable to young people in general, including those who don’t have clinical mental health diagnoses or aren’t experiencing mental health problems, Powell said.
According to the Save the Children website, since JOH’s inception in 2007, the program has served 80,000 children, including residents of Christchurch, New Zealand, after a massive earthquake in 2011; youth in New York City and New Jersey affected by Superstorm Sandy in late October 2012; and young people in Moore, Oklahoma, the site of a deadly tornado in 2013.
Children are among the most vulnerable groups during and after natural disasters and are at higher risk of developing various mental health problems, such as acute stress reactions, depression, anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. They also are more likely to fight or be bullied, according to a new study by Powell and Lori K. Holleran-Steiker of the University of Texas at Austin.
Their research, reported in Clinical Social Work Journal, is a case study of the JOH program’s impact on children who survived a series of tornadoes at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, in 2011. The team interviewed social workers, 14 JOH program facilitators and 30 children.
The JOH program comprises eight one-hour sessions that help children learn to recognize and manage their emotions, and to build resilience through self-esteem, self-efficacy and social support. Participants engage in cooperative games that promote healthy peer interactions and group problem solving, journal about feelings such as grief and create skits to explore effective coping strategies.
JOH evolved from interventions that Powell and other social workers employed by Save the Children created for students at a New Orleans middle school in 2007, after gang fights among the students prompted a crisis counselor to reach out to the nonprofit organization for help addressing students’ mental health needs.
While various agencies had rallied to provide Hurricane Katrina victims with mental health services immediately after the storm pummeled the Gulf Coast in August 2005, two years later those resources had dwindled as a result of funding cuts and perceptions that the crisis was long past and victims no longer needed help.
“While the physical storm may have passed, the city was still in the process of rebuilding, and many of the children were still experiencing the emotional storm of difficulties associated with the recovery,” the researchers wrote.
The JOH sessions helped young disaster victims articulate their feelings, process grief and regulate emotions such as anger and aggression. The JOH alumni also got along better with others, were able to concentrate better in school, improved their communication skills and learned how to handle bullying incidents, the researchers found in a related study.
As Powell found when working with the children in New Orleans, a natural disaster may be just one among a number of stressors causing turmoil in a child’s life.
“I remember my supervisor in New Orleans said to me: ‘Katrina was just another traumatic experience for these kids,’” Powell said. “These kids had been having these distressing experiences their entire lives – including poverty, community violence and substance use in their neighborhoods. A lot of them had lost their houses in Katrina, but they had been transitioning between different homes their whole lives, and that’s the stuff they wanted to talk about – not what they lost in the hurricane.”