The U. of I. will soon join a short list of universities worldwide that have an operating fusion device on its campus. Earlier this year, the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics gave its multimillion-dollar plasma/fusion WEGA advanced physics testing facility to the U. of I. as a result of the relationship the department of nuclear, plasma and radiological engineering plasma/fusion group has developed with the German institute.
The machine, renamed the Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications, or HIDRA, will make NPRE one of a handful of U.S. nuclear departments offering such a significant facility for plasma/fusion research and education. The equipment began arriving Nov. 17.
"Fusion is a limitless clean source of energy," said David Ruzic, a professor and the director of the Center for Plasma-Material Interactions at Illinois. "While commercial fusion power is still a long way off, realizing it could dramatically change society. The things we will learn with HIDRA will help us make significant progress in fusion research.
"Fusion is the joining together of light elements, just like what the sun does. And when that happens, energy is released," Ruzic said. "The sun is made of plasma - hot ionized gas. HIDRA is a device that confines plasma in the shape of a donut, allowing it to be heated and studied. HIDRA will be the first fusion device of its kind solely devoted to studying how the hot confined plasma interacts with the material on the boundary - the walls themselves - and what is learned can directly translate into future fusion energy production."
The HIDRA also will aid in developing and utilizing new materials for a variety of engineering purposes, along with providing the data to verify computational models.
"Computer resources such as Blue Waters have attracted top computational scientists," Ruzic said. "The new models they create need to be benchmarked with experimental data. Since our device can run steady state, the amount of data we can generate is enormous. Such a data set could be of great use in verifying and aiding in the creation of new computational paradigms that could eventually transform society."
Ruzic estimates that it would cost up to $20 million to build HIDRA from scratch. A group of Illinois researchers in summer 2013 learned that the Max Planck Institute in Griefswald, Germany, had completed its WEGA experiments and was interested in giving away the equipment.
Besides the sheer size of the machine, the disassembly, shipping and rebuilding involves many technical challenges. A European toroidal reactor had never been moved to the United States before; all of its major power components are rated for EU standards and must be adapted to operate in the U.S. electrical network.
The technical details were resolved by January 2014, and Ruzic traveled to Germany with NPRE colleagues Jean Paul Allain and Davide Curreli to finalize the deal. Ruzic's former postdoctoral research associate, Daniel Andruczyk, who had worked on the WEGA machine prior to coming to Illinois, was hired as a research professor to run the machine.
In September, researchers and students from CPMI spent a month in Greifswald disassembling, packing and readying the HIDRA for shipping. Rebuilding began immediately upon arrival, and operations are expected to begin by the middle of next year.
In addition to enabling research, HIDRA is an exceptional teaching tool. Students will learn as they help rebuild the device. Andruczyk will begin teaching courses in fusion device operations as early as spring.
All of the students in NPRE's plasma-track will directly benefit by having courses and research projects on the machine.
"I will be teaching a class in the design and operations of fusion devices," Andruczyk said. "It's all well and good to know the plasma equations and know the theory, but learning what goes into designing, building and testing such a device is extremely important, and as far as I know, there is nowhere else that really offers a course like this."
The College of Engineering and the university's Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research will share NPRE's shipping costs and infrastructure support for HIDRA. The equipment comes at no cost to NPRE or the university.
"This is what Illinois does," said Andreas Cangellaris, the dean of the College of Engineering. "Our amazing faculty members like professors Ruzic, Allain and Curreli take on projects that strain the limits of feasibility. They look them in the eye. They get the job done. And they open entirely new avenues of research for our faculty and new educational experiences for our students.
"They do the impossible every day."