Flowering forest plants like Geranium maculatum are in short supply in spring when queen bumble bees need them most, researchers report.
Photo by Michael Jeffords and Susan Post
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CHAMPAIGN, Ill. — For more than a decade, ecologists have been warning of a downward trend in bumble bee populations across North America, with habitat destruction a primary culprit in those losses. While efforts to preserve wild bees in the Midwest often focus on restoring native flowers to prairies, a new Illinois-based study finds evidence of a steady decline in the availability of springtime flowers in wooded landscapes.
A Bombus affinis queen. This bee was once common across the Midwest. Today it is endangered.
The scarcity of early season flowers in forests – a primary food source for bumble bees at this time of year – likely endangers the queen bees’ ability to start their nesting season and survive until other floral resources become available, researchers say. They report their findings in the Journal of Applied Ecology.
“We went through long-term vegetation data from 262 random sites across Illinois, most of them privately owned,” said study co-author David Zaya, a plant ecologist in the Illinois Natural History Survey at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. These data were collected through the Critical Trends Assessment Program, which began in 1997 at the INHS.
Impatiens capensis flowers in Middlefork Savanna Forest Preserve, near Lake Forest, Illinois.
“We filtered our data to look at two subsets of plants: those used by bumble bees generally, and those thought to be preferred by the endangered rusty patched bumble bee, Bombus affinis,” said study lead John Mola, a research ecologist at the U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center. “We then looked at how the abundance and richness of these bumble bee food sources either increased, decreased or stayed the same since 1997.”
Floral resources are most limited in the early spring, when queen bees are starting new nests, researchers found. The rusty patched bumble bee forages on Dicentra cucullaria.
The team also looked at timing – scouring records on flowering dates to map the availability of floral resources throughout the year for each habitat type: forest, grassland and wetland. They also analyzed satellite data to track trends in forest, grassland, wetland and agricultural acreage since 1997.
The research yielded some good news.
“We found that bumble bee food-plant cover has increased within Illinois grasslands by about 7% since 1997,” Mola said. “This is great because it suggests that restoration or management actions by landowners is succeeding.”
However, satellite data revealed that total acreage devoted to grassland in the state shrank by about 7.5% over the same time period.
“It may not matter much that the typical grassland is better if there’s less of it,” Mola said.
In Illinois, Geranium maculatum blooms in late spring and early summer in wooded areas.
While the richness of floral resources in grasslands increased, the researchers saw an opposite trend in forested areas of the state, with food plants for bees in forests declining by 3-4% since 1997.
Impatiens capensis and Impatiens pallida cover the ground in a healthy forest in Cook County, Illinois.
“The biggest finding of this study was that forest plants that bloom in spring appear to be declining, and the timing of those flowers matches up almost perfectly with when queens are out and foraging,” Zaya said. “We can’t say for sure, but if declining food is contributing to bumble bee declines, it is most likely related to when the queens are trying to establish nests.”
Previous studies have shown that browsing by deer and invasive shrubs reduce the abundance of flowering plants in forests. Climate change also shifts the flowering times for many plants, potentially causing a mismatch between the bees’ needs and the availability of food.
Geranium maculatum grows best on moist forest floors and, in Illinois, flowers from April to July.
“The forest is a really important habitat for bees early in the season that often gets overlooked in pollinator conservation planning,” Mola said. “This has me thinking very carefully about the role of forests in bumble bee conservation.”
The Illinois Department of Natural Resources supports the Critical Trends Assessment Program. The INHS is a division of the Prairie Research Institute at the U. of I.
Editor’s notes:
To reach John Mola, email jmola@usgs.gov.
To reach David Zaya, email dzaya1@illinois.edu.
The paper “Long-term surveys support declines in early-season forest plants used by bumble bees” is available online and from the U. of I. News Bureau.
Michael Jeffords and Susan Post are wildlife photographers and research affiliates of the Illinois Natural History Survey at the Prairie Research Institute of the U. of I. Their photographs are available here.
